Numerical calculation of boundary layers and wake characteristics of high-speed trains with different lengths.
Trains with different numbers of cars running in the open air were simulated using the delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES).The numbers of cars included in the simulation are 3, 4, 5 and 8.The aim of this study was to investigate how train length influences the boundary layer, the wake flow, the surface pressure, the aerodynamic drag and the fri